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Perhaps the most relevant are the developments of Henry Ford in Detroit. The increased demand for vehicles was accompanied by innovation in manufacturing. Combustion engines would be adapted for use across society-and by the military on land, at and under the sea, and eventually in the air. The combination of improving internal combustion engines, new automobile designs, and wider availability of gasoline led to an explosion in demand for these new vehicles. With the discovery of major oilfields in Texas in 1901, a vastly expanded supply of energy for combustion engines became available. His Lenoir Engine was applied to stationary power plants, machine tools, motorboats, and early automobiles. In 1859 he developed a combustion engine that burned a combination of coal gas and air. It was a Belgian engineer, Jean-Joseph Etienne Lenoir, who first developed a practical example of a working internal combustion engine. The same was true of another fundamental invention which transformed industry, society and warfare-the internal combustion engine. The dynamo that generated a current required some form of outside energy-coal, wind, water, natural gas, or oil-to function. But electricity was not a primary source of energy. It opened up new and more efficient manufacturing processes that would supply the voracious appetites for materiel in military forces throughout the course the twentieth century. Electricity transformed many aspects of life, as well the methods of industrial production. Michael Faraday’s discovery of the induction of electric current in a moving magnetic field, in 1831, was the spark that eventually resulted in the large-scale conversion of mechanical energy into electricity. However, any examination this evolution must begin with the new wave of technological developments that was a feature of the Second Industrial Revolution.Įlectricity. These impacts drove evolution in the profession of arms, including how it recruited and developed military personnel. They affected how societies created economic wealth and projected military power. From electricity to the internet, from the biplane to the intercontinental ballistic missile, and from the horse to early automobiles to space travel, the development of new technologies affected both society and warfare.

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It is difficult to cover the full breadth of technological change that took place across the twentieth century. The complex interplay of technology, events, new ideas, and new military institutions from 1900 through the beginning of the atomic age in August 1945 resulted in what many would recognize today as the contemporary military establishment. This article examines the first era, which featured many milestones in the development of the modern profession. The second pulse started with the first use of atomic weapons and includes the post–World War II nuclear and digital ages. This was a period during which the Second Industrial Revolution most impacted military institutions. The first pulse began at the start of the twentieth century and continued through the end of World War II. This in turn resulted in two pulses of military professionalism that fundamentally changed the profession of arms in the twentieth century. These new technologies would drive remarkable changes in society and commerce.

Now called the Second Industrial Revolution, the decades between 18 saw the birth of many technologies-electricity, the internal combustion engine, flight, the assembly line-upon which modern society relies. The United States evolved with remarkable speed a coherent system of military professionalism.”Ī new age of technological development began at the end of the nineteenth century.

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France set about putting her professional institutions in order. Sir John Hackett has written that “as the nineteenth century drew to a close, professionalism in the armed services was everywhere to a greater or lesser extent. Technological developments, changes in society, and new thinking inside and outside military organization drove a wave of professionalism and the establishment of new institutions. The nineteenth century was a vital era for our profession.

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Part One of this series examined the modern origins of the profession of arms.

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